What is cis and trans splicing?
Cis splicing is an intramolecular mechanism that removes introns and joins the exons that are within the same RNA transcript, while trans-splicing is an intermolecular mechanism that removes introns or outrons and joins the exons that are not within the same RNA transcript.
What is the mechanism of alternative splicing?
Three possible mechanisms, exon shuffling, exonization of transposable elements and constitutively spliced exons, have been proposed for the origin of alternative splicing (8). Numerous studies have reiterated the critical and fundamental role of alternative splicing across biological systems (9).
Does alternative splicing occur in humans?
In humans, up to 95% of multi-exon genes undergo alternative splicing to encode proteins with different functions in distinct cellular processes [2]. Furthermore, around 15% of human hereditary diseases and cancers are reported to be associated with alternative splicing [3], [4].
Where does alternative splicing occur nucleus?
Splicing occurs in the nucleus before the RNA migrates to the cytoplasm. Once splicing is complete, the mature mRNA (containing uninterrupted coding information), is transported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into protein. The pre-mRNA transcript contains both introns and exons.
What is trans-splicing give an example?
Trans-splicing has the same splicing signals and factors as alternative splicing. For example, the spliceosome, which contains U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNAs, catalyzes pre-mRNA in cis-splicing.
What is the meaning of trans-splicing?
Trans-splicing is a splicing reaction between two RNA molecules (Fig. 3.5). Basically, the spliceosome uses the 5′ splice site from one molecule and the branch point, together with the 3′ splice site from another molecule to ligate two exons from two different molecules.
What are the different types of alternative splicing?
(A) Constitutive splicing; (B) mutually exclusive exons; (C) cassette alternative exon; (D) alternative 3′ splice site; (E) alternative 5′ splice site; and (F) intron retention.
What is an example of alternative splicing?
Collectively such genes are considered to undergo complex alternative splicing. The best example is the Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene, which can generate 38,016 isoforms by the alternative splicing of 95 variable exons.
What is alternative splicing and why is it important?
The overall function of alternative splicing is to increase the diversity of the mRNA expressed from the genome. Due to the combinatorial control mechanisms that regulate alternative exon recognition, splicing programs coordinate the generation of mRNA isoforms from multiple genes.
Why is trans-splicing important?
Pre-RNA splicing is an essential step in generating mature mRNA. RNA trans-splicing combines two separate pre-mRNA molecules to form a chimeric non-co-linear RNA, which may exert a function distinct from its original molecules. Trans-spliced RNAs may encode novel proteins or serve as noncoding or regulatory RNAs.
Why alternative splicing is important?
The overall function of alternative splicing is to increase the diversity of mRNAs expressed from the genome. Alternative splicing changes proteins encoded by mRNAs, which has profound functional effects.
Why is alternative splicing important?
What is the advantage of alternative splicing?
This has several advantages: (i) it allows a high sequence flexibility of exonic regulatory sequences that puts no constrains on coding requirements, (ii) the protein interaction can be influenced by small changes in the concentration of regulatory proteins which allows the alternative usage of exons depending on a …
Who discovered alternative splicing?
Gilbert
First hypothesized by Gilbert (1978), this process, known as alternative splicing (AS), appears to be widespread in eukaryotes, seemingly reaching its apex in mammals (Barbosa-Morais et al. 2012), in which 95% of multiexon genes undergo AS (Pan et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2008).
What is the importance of alternative splicing?